Toxic speech on online civic engagement platforms (CEPs) disproportionately affects marginalized groups and threatens the diversity of citizen voices. However, the deployment of AI-driven toxic speech detection (TSD) tools for CEPs faces complex challenges from legal, psychological, and technical perspectives that remain insufficiently explored. We present a first-of-its-kind interdisciplinary review of these challenges, focusing on the explainability of TSD systems, their compliance with European legal standards and offer a roadmap for ethical deployment. Our review reveals three main findings. First, although (...) transparency in AI decision-making is necessary from both legal and psychological perspectives, assessing the explainability of AI-driven TSD tools, and their compliance with legal regulations within Europe, remains a significant challenge. Second, current explainability approaches, ranging from toxic span identification to advanced explainable AI methods, lack standardized metrics. This makes it difficult to assess their reliability and appropriateness for CEPs. Third, despite the importance of TSD, frameworks and best practices for CEPs are still lacking in existing literature. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a holistic perspective on the challenges and solutions for TSD deployment. It provides the foundation for collaborative efforts to develop and standardize metrics, evaluation protocols, and best practices that can ensure AI decisions in CEPs are transparent, accountable, and aligned with users’ needs. (shrink)

In this article, I discuss the implications of generative AI in future of creative work in the music industries through an ethnographic study of music technologists in Melbourne, Australia. Drawing on visual ethnography methods, I explore how researchers, developers, as well as professional and aspiring artists, across sectors in Melbourne’s ecosystem, value the role of mistakes, glitches and uncertainty in the creative process with music technology. This stands in opposition to the controlled processes within generative AI models, based on the (...) management of uncertainty as an input value. Thus, I reframe the concept of creative uncertainty which emerges as a shaping force in the creative process, and in opposition to the controlled outputs of generative AI. Furthermore, this article shows the limitations and misalignment of dominant visions about the impact of generative AI, on creative workflows and practices, by highlighting the experiences, motivations and expectations of the research participants in this multi-sited ethnography. (shrink)

Las denuncias por responsabilidad médica en Ecuador se incrementaron en la última década a raíz de la penalización de la mala práctica profesional establecida en el Código Orgánico Integral Penal; la investigación es compleja y el peritaje médico legal se convierte en una pieza fundamental en el conflicto. Aquí analizamos 10 informes periciales de casos de mala práctica médica en Ecuador, se analiza la legislación ecuatoriana y revisión de la literatura referente al tema. Se identificó la falta de protocolos o (...) guías de procedimientos, los informes no cuentan con estructura y es el resultado de la discrecionalidad del perito designado. Se propone un protocolo de actuación pericial que facilitará la actividad del perito y mayor objetividad en la investigación. (shrink)

Despite the acknowledged importance of the meanings that people attach to places (e.g., homes, businesses, communities), the literature on cross-sector partnerships (CSPs) provides few insights into how place influences CSPs and how CSPs influence the places where they are enacted. To address this oversight, we explore the role of place using an inductive comparative study of nine CSPs, split across five rural cooperative enterprises and four urban social enterprises that have a common private-sector partner. We inductively derive a process model (...) of place renewal that occurs through CSP growth, and changes the meanings that individuals give to their places. We utilize Penrose’s theory of firm growth to explain how rural CSPs grew in different ways than urban CSPs, and the changed meanings of place that emerged. Both rural and urban CSPs overcome initial perceived restrictions of place through a process of realizing the potential for change, reconfiguring the organization through physical and process changes, and ultimately experiencing renewal that changes how they view their places. Our study contributes to the CSP literature by acknowledging the role of place in theorizing on CSPs, and by including the agency and voice of traditionally marginalized actors in the CSP process. It also contributes to the theory of firm growth by explicitly incorporating place as an outcome of the organizational growth process. (shrink)

Reasons can play a variety of roles in a variety of contexts. For instance, reasons can motivate and guide us in our actions (and omissions), in the sense that we often act in the light of reasons. And reasons can be grounds for beliefs, desires and emotions and can be used to evaluate, and sometimes to justify, all these. In addition, reasons are used in explanations: both in explanations of human actions, beliefs, desires, emotions, etc., and in explanations of a (...) wide range of phenomena involving all sorts of animate and inanimate substances. This diversity has encouraged the thought that the term ‘reason’ is ambiguous or has different senses in different contexts. Moreover, this view often goes hand in hand with the claim that reasons of these different kinds belong to different ontological categories: to facts (or something similar) in the case of normative/justifying reasons, and to mental states in the case of motivating/explanatory reasons. In this paper I shall explore some of the main roles that reasons play and, on that basis, I shall offer a classification of kinds of reasons. As will become clear, my classification of reasons is at odds with much of the literature in several respects: first, because of my views about how we should understand the claim that reasons are classified into different kinds; second, because of the kinds into which I think reasons should be classified; and, finally, because of the consequences I think this view has for the ontology of reasons. (shrink)

This article aims to analyze the beginning of the transition from logos to myth. To incorporate the religious into his Enlightenment philosophical system, Schelling presents a reconstruction of myth. The conceptions of the religious consciousness of the Self from antiquity as presented. The myth embodies cultural reality and the history of self-consciousness, an idea that was later considered by Mircea Eliade. Myths evolve in parallel with human evolution. The need for the development of abstract thinking and the complex social environment (...) presuppose the new mythology. Christianity in history appears as part of the mechanism of human development, which generally symbolizes the transition from mythology to Christianity. Theology must abstract mythologies from the purely divine, but together they participate in the formation of human consciousness. (shrink)

This book compares political propaganda and abstract-concretist art, two representational systems at opposite ends of the imagery spectrum that are often studied separately. When analyzed in tandem, they reveal the fascinating visual contest that took place between the government and artists in crafting a modern image of the country.

This article deals with the links between the enaction paradigm and artificial intelligence. Enaction is considered a metaphor for artificial intelligence, as a number of the notions which it deals with are deemed incompatible with the phenomenal field of the virtual. After explaining this stance, we shall review previous works regarding this issue in terms of artificial life and robotics. We shall focus on the lack of recognition of co-evolution at the heart of these approaches. We propose to explicitly integrate (...) the evolution of the environment into our approach in order to refine the ontogenesis of the artificial system, and to compare it with the enaction paradigm. The growing complexity of the ontogenetic mechanisms to be activated can therefore be compensated by an interactive guidance system emanating from the environment. This proposition does not however, resolve that of the relevance of the meaning created by the machine (sense-making). Such reflections lead us to integrate human interaction into this environment in order to construct relevant meaning in terms of participative artificial intelligence. This raises a number of questions with regards to setting up an enactive interaction. The article concludes by exploring a number of issues, thereby enabling us to associate current approaches with the principles of morphogenesis, guidance, the phenomenology of interactions and the use of minimal enactive interfaces in setting up experiments which will deal with the problem of artificial intelligence in a variety of enaction-based ways. (shrink)

Using a sample of 124 managers and 248 subordinates, this study examines the mediating effect of subordinates’ job satisfaction in the relationship between ethical leadership and subordinate organizational citizenship and counter-productive work behaviour in the Colombian context. We additionally analyse the effect of ethical leadership on subordinates’ perception of leaders’ performance. Factor analyses of the ethical leadership scale revealed two factors, ethical person and ethical guidance, which were differentially associated to the outcomes. We offer an explanation from three cultural dimensions (...) by which Colombian employees seem to be more willing to follow leaders’ ethical example as a way to strengthen their membership to the leader's group, than leaders ethical disciplining by which norms are imposed. These findings have a number of implications for organizations and managers who aim to improve their employees’ behaviour. Our advice to them is that leaders’ deeds have a greater impact than their ethical words. (shrink)

Interest in ethical leadership from academics and practitioners has grown enormously in recent years. This article addresses this literature through a framework that identifies three interlocking questions. First, who are ethical leaders and what are their characteristics? Second, how do ethical leaders do what they do? Third, why do leaders do as they do and what are the outcomes of ethical leadership? Different dimensions to ethical leadership are examined and presented as three interlocking circles; Virtues, Purposes and Practices. This framework (...) presents an integrated approach to ethical leadership and argues that future research take this holistic framework and apply it to different sectors or contexts. (shrink)

All methodologies used to characterize mother-infant interaction includes mother, infant, and other social factors. The chief difference is how each methodology selects certain elements of this interaction as relevant. I will argue that in the context of the mother-infant interaction a methodology’s results depend on the model’s presuppositions on the nature of communication. These presupposition affects the kinds of questions asked, the kind of data obtained, and how these data are analyzed. I will show this by contrasting two different analysis (...) of separation studies in infant primates: what I call the Ecological-Linear approach vs. Dynamic System Theory (DST) approach. (shrink)

This book is a multi-faceted attempt to understand the psychological mysteries of land, space, native cultures, changing eras, and geographical dislocation. It shows us that many remote and seemingly peaceful areas of the world have their own dark and silent pasts in which their original inhabitants were often brutally wiped out. Weaving history, geography, myth, philosophy, and psychoanalysis together, this book tries to understand why such atrocities were committed, how those subjected to these 'crimes' might have perceived them, and what (...) are the long-term, trans-generational consequences of these historical events. (shrink)

Our aim in this paper is to argue that Socrates is an intellectual character builder. We show that the Socratic Method, properly understood, is a tool for developing the intellectual character of students. It motivates agents towards the truth and helps them to develop the cognitive skills to gain knowledge of the truth. We further elucidate this proposal by comparing the Socratic Method, so understood, with the widely held contemporary view that the epistemic aim of education is the development of (...) the intellectual virtues. (shrink)

In an age where new technologies impact us with unprecedented speed and magnitude, and where digital media form an integral and increasingly prominent part of our daily lives, the effect on individual and collective welfare cannot be an afterthought. This chapter introduces the Wellbeing Compass and the critical role of Digital Wellbeing in the discourse on AI ethics, moving beyond abstract ethical principles to address a more comprehensive spectrum of responsibilities faced by technology developers and economic actors in a society (...) increasingly mediated by technology. Drawing from interdisciplinary research in AI ethics, Positive Psychology, and Digital Wellbeing, this chapter proposes a procedural approach to integrating wellbeing considerations throughout the entire lifecycle of technological development and innovation. We will demonstrate how grounding the discussion of AI ethics in the tangible domain of Digital Wellbeing can advance a more comprehensive, sustainable, and humanity-centered approach to technological development. This shift has the potential not only to bridge the current gap between principles and practice but also to present actionable starting points for creating technologies that actively benefit humanity and contribute to individual and collective welfare. (shrink)

La reconfiguración de la estética, a partir de las poéticas de lo tecnológico en creaciones de diseño evolutivo, arquitecturas inmersivas, creaciones numéricas, ciudades digitales, planteadas desde una particular relación con la ciencia y la tecnología.

La formación docente es indispensable para responder a los requerimientos de la compleja sociedad actual. De su conocimiento, iniciativa, praxis y creatividad depende el éxito o el fracaso del sujeto que aprende. Al modificar el rol del docente se transforma la actitud de los estudiantes. ¿Cómo entender la formación filosófica transdisciplinar? Este texto responde a este y otros cuestionamientos: ¿cuáles son los planteamientos pedagógicos afines a la era digital? ¿en qué medida las TIC se encuentran al servicio de una filosofía (...) educativa transdisciplinar?, ¿cómo se explica ese enfoque en la formación del docente?, ¿cuál es la función de la formación en la innovación educativa?, ¿cómo formar para la ciudadanía mundial?, ¿cuáles son las contribuciones de las nuevas ciencias para la formación educativa? El crecimiento exponencial de la ciencia y de la tecnología nos obliga a pensar en procesos formativos innovadores. En tal sentido, resulta imprescindible el estudio de estas problemáticas. (shrink)

This study explores the capacity of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to revolutionize educational pedagogy, aiming to foster a more personalized and effective learning experience. Methodology: Through a bibliometric analysis of publications in Scopus and Web of Science, the research examines AI's impact on adaptive learning, personalized instruction, and effective teaching methods. It also evaluates AI's role in assessment, creation of simulated learning environments, and widening access to education, while addressing the integration challenges. Conclusions: The investigation demonstrates that AI has considerable potential (...) to improve teaching and learning. AI-driven tools like intelligent tutoring systems, machine learning algorithms, and virtual simulations can facilitate a learner-centric approach. Nonetheless, it also highlights the necessity to confront issues such as technological overdependence, privacy concerns, and the potential displacement of teachers. A thoughtful adoption of AI in education could lead to a more equitable and engaging learning system. The advent of this educational revolution demands a focus on augmenting human capabilities with AI and transforming pedagogical strategies to enhance student outcomes. The research advocates for further development of ethical standards and informed policies to guide AI integration in the educational sector. (shrink)

This report aims to offer insights into cutting-edge research on digital well-being. Many of these insights come from a 2-day academic-impact event, The Future of Digital Well-Being, hosted by a team of researchers working with the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) in February 2024. Today, achieving and maintaining well-being in the face of online technologies is a multifaceted challenge that we believe requires using theoretical resources of different research disciplines. This report explores diverse perspectives on how digital (...) well-being can be actively cultivated, while also emphasising the importance of considering individual differences, societal contexts, and nuanced cultural factors. We aim to offer a holistic view of the future of digital well-being, one that will inspire the next generation of designers of online tools, as well as policymakers who will regulate these tools. We start by asking what digital well-being is – how we can best define a concept that is used by diverse stakeholders and researchers from many disciplines in various ways. To do this, we explore the classic ethical theories of well-being, showing how they can give us insights into how the term digital well-being is currently deployed. We then move to look at the existing strategies that have been proposed to actively cultivate digital well-being, exploring the business models that threaten digital well-being and the relative advantages of the digital and non-digital solutions that are currently proposed. On the one hand, digital tools – such as Apple’s Screen Time and app blockers such as Opal and Forest – integrate seamlessly with the digital lifestyles of users. They also create precise metrics for digital well-being, which facilitates their solutions to reduce screen time. On the other hand, non-digital solutions, including mindfulness practices, digital detoxes, and digital well-being coaching, offer a new set of tools to reconnect individuals to their natural rhythms and help to actively promote offline activities. We then move to discuss diversity and how various groups of users have strikingly different digital well-being needs. Embracing neurodiversity in digital well-being is crucial as it strongly impacts the users’ experience of online technologies. When designing for diversity, organisations and designers alike need to prioritise customization for people with physical disabilities, mitigate harmful content for users with mental well-being conditions, address gender stereotypes and online harassment, and be designed in ways that recognize the very real risks of online technologies. This report closes by examining cultural differences. We believe that non-Western conceptions of well-being offer rich sources for enhancing digital well-being insofar as these traditions can inform and inspire the designers of future online technologies. We focus on East-Asian and South-Asian traditions, although in further work we recognise it would be useful to investigate conceptions of well-being that are influential in the Gulf region, Africa, and South America. Each of these areas have ethical frameworks that discuss well-being in depth as well as a rich cultural heritage. In conclusion, this report’s insights underscore the imperative of recognizing diversity in digital well-being, both in terms of cultural contexts and disciplinary perspectives. It emphasises the need for culturally responsive design methodologies and the integration of non-Western philosophical perspectives into current digital well-being research. Embracing this diversity, we believe, offers the best chance to create digital environments that prioritise well-being for users and the societies they live in across the world. Ultimately, we believe that it is not only about designing better online products; it’s about shaping a digital landscape that promotes well-being and flourishing for everyone. (shrink)

Wahring et al. describe that romantic relationships are more important for men than for women, drawing also on evolutionary theory. We suggest that (1) the proposed link between short-term mating motivation and relationship initiation requires clarification, and (2) the use of sexual strategies theory and strategic pluralism theory is inconsistent. Addressing these issues could improve evolutionary models of romantic relationships.

Este texto presenta una investigación interdisciplinaria con base en una etnografía visual. Esta tuvo como objetivo problematizar los modos de resignificación cultural en los espacios urbanos, a partir de la organización de expresiones artísticas de baile de k-pop, por jóvenes de la Ciudad de México. Relacionamos lo anterior con el sentido que le otorgan a su identidad a partir del baile grupal. La metodología utilizada consistió en un registro etnográfico visual y entrevistas participativas con jóvenes bailarines de k-pop, en la (...) Ciudad de México, en julio de 2023. En total se registraron 25 videos con cámara 360°, 10 sobre expresiones artísticas urbanas y 15 de las entrevistas a bailarines, hechas detalladamente. Entre los hallazgos destaca la expresión de los jóvenes que han encontrado en la música y el baile una forma de relacionarse con otros, así como resignificar su identidad y el espacio público al convertirlo en un escenario artístico. (shrink)

Number processing abilities are important for academic and personal development. The course of initial specialization of ventral occipito-temporal cortex sensitivity to visual number processing is crucial for the acquisition of numeric and arithmetic skills. We examined the visual N1, the electrophysiological correlate of vOTC activation across five time points in kindergarten, middle and end of first grade, second grade, and fifth grade. A combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal EEG data of a total of 62 children at varying familial risk for (...) dyslexia were available to form groups of 23, 22, 27, 27, and 42 participants for each of the five time points. The children performed a target detection task which included visual presentation of single digits, false fonts, and letters to derive measures for coarse and fine digit sensitive processing across development. The N1 amplitude analyses indicated coarse and fine sensitivity characterized by a stronger N1 to digits than false fonts across all five time points, and stronger N1 to digits than letters at all but the second time point. In addition, lower arithmetic skills were associated with stronger coarse N1 digit sensitivity over the left hemisphere in second grade, possibly reflecting allocation of more attentional resources or stronger reliance on the verbal system in children with poorer arithmetic skills. To summarize, our results show persistent visual N1 sensitivity to digits that is already present early on in pre-school and remains stable until fifth grade. This pattern of digit sensitivity development clearly differs from the relatively sharp rise and fall of the visual N1 sensitivity to words or letters between kindergarten and middle of elementary school and suggests unique developmental trajectories for visual processing of written characters that are relevant to numeracy and literacy. (shrink)

Readers are awaiting a new encounter with stories united under the common title Why We Are in Need of Tales. Let me remind you that these deep philosophical books were written by Maria daVenza Tillmanns, a professional philosopher dedicated to the study of philosophizing with children, who has gained valuable experience in this field. Maria’s books are inspired by her work with her students at El Toyon Elementary School in National City (California), with whom Maria held philosophy with children classes (...) for three years before COVID-19. With parental permission, the children provided their drawings, which are used as illustrations for the books. I read Why We Are in Need of Tales, Part III with great pleasure. The focus of this book is on making decisions, sometimes very hard decisions. In Part II, the focus is on dreams — hopes and wishes we have for life. This book looks at how we may best decide how to make those hopes and wishes come true. And the answer Huk and Tuk suggest is deceptively easy: by making decisions “with your eyes wide open.” (5, p. ix). The author of this excellent book managed to describe how to make decisions with your eyes wide open through the playful dialogue between Huk and Tuk. The books are written in dialogue so the reader immediately plunges into the context of a lively conversation. Dialogue not only sharpens attention, but also invites the reader to participate in the conversation. In this way, the reader becomes a listener at the same time. (shrink)

Elisabeth Maria Post (1755–1812) was a White Dutch poet and novelist. One of her brothers owned plantations in Guyana, a country in South America that was under Dutch control at the time. This inspired her to write a novel about a Dutch planter in Guyana, which is excerpted in this chapter. The novel is titled Reinhart, or Nature and Religion (Reinhart, of Natuur en Godsdienst) and is a good example of literary sentimentalism: it mainly appeals to the readers’ emotions and (...) explores the narrator’s feelings in depth. The narrator is a fictional Dutch man called Reinhart who moves to Guyana to become a planter. Reinhart criticizes transatlantic slavery, though he also makes excuses for it. He additionally describes Black people as naturally inferior to White Europeans in both intelligence and feeling. In short, while the novel explicitly criticizes transatlantic slavery, it also contains proslavery and racist elements. (shrink)